As per Alfred Nobel’s will, the Nobel Prize in Physics was to go to “the individual who might have made the most vital disclosure or development inside the field of material science.” The prize has been granted each year with the exception of 1916, 1931, 1934, 1940, 1941 and 1942.
Here is the full rundown of victors:
2017: Half of the 9 million Swedish krona ($1.1 million) grant went to Rainer Weiss of MIT. The other half was shared mutually to Barry Barish and Kip Thorne of Caltech. The prize regarded the trio’s “definitive commitments to the LIGO finder and the perception of gravitational waves,” as indicated by Nobelprize.org. The three researchers were vital in the principal identification of the swells in space-time called gravitational waves. The waves for this situation originated from the crash of two dark openings 1.3 billion years prior.
2016: One half was granted to David J. Thouless, of the University of Washington, Seattle, and the other half to F. Duncan M. Haldane, Princeton University, and J. Michael Kosterlitz, Brown University, Providence. Their hypothetical revelations opened the way to an unusual world where matter can go up against bizarre states. As indicated by the Nobel Foundation: “Because of their spearheading work, the chase is currently on for new and fascinating periods of issue. Many individuals are confident of future applications in the two materials science and hardware.”
2015: Takaaki Kajita and Arthur B. McDonald for demonstrating the transformation of neutrinos, which uncovered that the subatomic particles have mass and opened up another domain in molecule material science.
2014: Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano and Shuji Nakamura for their development of a vitality productive light source: blue light-transmitting diodes (LEDs).
2013: Peter Higgs of the United Kingdom and François Englert of Belgium, two of the researchers who anticipated the presence of the Higgs boson about 50 years prior. [Related: Higgs Boson Physicists Snag Nobel Prize]
2012: French physicist Serge Haroche and American physicist David Wineland, for their spearheading research in quantum optics.
2011: One half granted to Saul Perlmutter, the other half mutually to Brian P. Schmidt and Adam G. Riess, “for the revelation of the quickening extension of the Universe through perceptions of far off supernovae.”
2010: Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, “for earth shattering examinations with respect to the two-dimensional material graphene.”
2009: Charles K. Kao, “for earth shattering accomplishments concerning the transmission of light in filaments for optical correspondence,” and Willard S. Boyle and George E. Smith, “for the innovation of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor.”
2008: Yoichiro Nambu, “for the revelation of the instrument of unconstrained softened symmetry up subatomic material science,” and Makoto Kobayashi, Toshihide Maskawa, “for the disclosure of the starting point of the broken symmetry which predicts the presence of no less than three groups of quarks in nature.”
2007: Albert Fert and Peter Grünberg, “for the revelation of Giant Magnetoresistance”
2006: John C. Mather and George F. Smoot, “for their revelation of the blackbody shape and anisotropy of the astronomical microwave foundation radiation.”
2005: Roy J. Glauber, “for his commitment to the quantum hypothesis of optical rationality,” and John L. Lobby and Theodor W. Hänsch, “for their commitments to the improvement of laser-based accuracy spectroscopy, including the optical recurrence brush procedure.”
2004: David J. Net, H. David Politzer and Frank Wilczek, “for the disclosure of asymptotic opportunity in the hypothesis of the solid association.”
2003: Alexei A. Abrikosov, Vitaly L. Ginzburg and Anthony J. Leggett, “for spearheading commitments to the hypothesis of superconductors and superfluids.”
2002: Raymond Davis Jr. what’s more, Masatoshi Koshiba, “for spearheading commitments to astronomy, specifically for the location of inestimable neutrinos,” and Riccardo Giacconi, “for spearheading commitments to astronomy, which have prompted the disclosure of vast X-beam sources.”
2001: Eric A. Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle and Carl E. Wieman, “for the accomplishment of Bose-Einstein buildup in weaken gasses of soluble base particles, and for early central investigations of the properties of the condensates.”
2000: Zhores I. Alferov and Herbert Kroemer, “for creating semiconductor heterostructures utilized as a part of rapid and opto-hardware,” and Jack S. Kilby “as far as it matters for him in the development of the coordinated circuit.”
1999: Gerardus ‘t Hooft and Martinus J.G. Veltman, “for explaining the quantum structure of electroweak communications in material science.”
1998: Robert B. Laughlin, Horst L. Störmer and Daniel C. Tsui, “for their revelation of another type of quantum liquid with partially charged excitations.”
1997: Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji and William D. Phillips, “for advancement of strategies to cool and trap iotas with laser light.”
1996: David M. Lee, Douglas D. Osheroff and Robert C. Richardson, “for their revelation of superfluidity in helium-3.”
1995: Martin L. Perl, “for the revelation of the tau lepton,” and Frederick Reines, “for the recognition of the neutrino.”
1994: Bertram N. Brockhouse, “for the advancement of neutron spectroscopy,” and Clifford G. Shull, “for the advancement of the neutron diffraction system.”
1993: Russell A. Hulse and Joseph H. Taylor Jr., “for the disclosure of another sort of pulsar, a revelation that has opened up new potential outcomes for the investigation of attraction.”
1992: Georges Charpak, “for his creation and advancement of molecule indicators, specifically the multiwire relative chamber.”
1991: Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, “for finding that techniques created for considering request wonders in basic frameworks can be summed up to more perplexing types of issue, specifically to fluid precious stones and polymers.”
1990: Jerome I. Friedman, Henry W. Kendall and Richard E. Taylor, “for their spearheading examinations concerning profound inelastic diffusing of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of fundamental significance for the advancement of the quark show in molecule material science.”
1989: Norman F. Ramsey, “for the creation of the isolated oscillatory fields technique and its utilization in the hydrogen maser and other nuclear timekeepers,” and Hans G. Dehmelt and Wolfgang Paul, “for the improvement of the particle trap method.”
1988: Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz and Jack Steinberger, “for the neutrino bar strategy and the show of the doublet structure of the leptons through the revelation of the muon neutrino.”
1987: J. Georg Bednorz and K. Alexander Müller, “for their essential leap forward in the revelation of superconductivity in artistic materials.”
1986: Ernst Ruska, “for his crucial work in electron optics, and for the outline of the principal electron magnifying lens,” and Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer, “for their plan of the filtering burrowing magnifying lens.”
1985: Klaus von Klitzing, “for the disclosure of the quantized Hall impact”.
1984: Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer, “for their conclusive commitments to the expansive venture, which prompted the revelation of the field particles W and Z, communicators of feeble connection.”
1983: Subramanyan Chandrasekhar, “for his hypothetical investigations of the physical procedures of significance to the structure and development of the stars,” and William Alfred Fowler, “for his hypothetical and test investigations of the atomic responses of significance in the arrangement of the concoction components in the universe.”
1982: Kenneth G. Wilson, “for his hypothesis for basic marvels regarding stage advances.”
1981: Nicolaas Bloembergen and Arthur Leonard Schawlow, “for their commitment to the improvement of laser spectroscopy,” and Kai M. Siegbahn, “for his commitment to the improvement of high-determination electron spectroscopy.”
1980: James Watson Cronin and Val Logsdon Fitch, “for the disclosure of infringement of essential symmetry standards in the rot of impartial K-mesons.”
1979: Sheldon Lee Glashow, Abdus Salam and Steven Weinberg, “for their commitments to the hypothesis of the bound together powerless and electromagnetic cooperation between basic particles, including, entomb alia, the expectation of the feeble unbiased current.”
1978: Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa, “for his essential innovations and disclosures in the zone of low-temperature material science,” and Arno Allan Penzias, Robert Woodrow Wilson “for their revelation of grandiose microwave foundation radiation.”
1977: Philip Warren Anderson, Sir Nevill Francis Mott and John Hasbrouck van Vleck, “for their key hypothetical examinations of the electronic structure of attractive and scattered frameworks.”
1976: Burton Richter and Samuel Chao Chung Ting, “for their spearheading work in the revelation of a substantial rudimentary molecule of another kind.”
1975: Aage Niels Bohr, Ben Roy Mottelson and Leo James Rainwater, “for the revelation of the association between aggregate movement and molecule movement in nuclear cores and the improvement of the hypothesis of the structure of the nuclear core in view of this association.”
1974: Sir Martin Ryle and Antony Hewish, “for their spearheading research in radio astronomy: Ryle for his perceptions and developments, specifically of the gap amalgamation procedure, and Hewish for his unequivocal part in the revelation of pulsars.”
1973: Leo Esaki and Ivar Giaever, “for their test revelations with respect to burrowing marvels in semiconductors and superconductors, individually,” and Brian David Josephson, “for his hypothetical expectations of the properties of a supercurrent through a passage obstruction, specifically those wonders which are by and large known as the Josephson impacts.”
1972: John Bardeen, Leon Neil Cooper, John Robert Schrieffer, “for their mutually created hypothesis of superconductivity, normally called the BCS-hypothesis.”
1970: Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén, “for essential work and disclosures in magnetohydro-elements with productive applications in various parts of plasma material science,” and Louis Eugène Félix Néel, “for central work and revelations concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have prompted imperative applications in strong state physical science.”
1969: Murray Gell-Mann, “for his commitments and revelations concerning the grouping of rudimentary particles and their collaborations.”
1968: Luis Walter Alvarez, “for his unequivocal commitments to rudimentary molecule material science, specifically the disclosure of an expansive number of reverberation states, made conceivable through his improvement of the method of utilizing hydrogen bubble chamber and information investigation.”
1967: Hans Albrecht Bethe, “for his commitments to the hypothesis of atomic responses, particularly his revelations concerning the vitality generation in stars.”
1966: Alfred Kastler, “for the revelation and advancement of optical techniques for concentrate Hertzian resonances in iotas.”
1965: Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Julian Schwinger and Richard P. Feynman, “for their essential work in quantum electrodynamics, with profound furrowing outcomes for the material science of rudimentary particles.”
1964: Charles Hard Townes, “for essential work in the field of quantum gadgets, which has prompted the development of oscillators and speakers in light of the maser-laser standard,” and Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov and Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov, “for crucial work in the field of quantum hardware, which has prompted the development of oscillators and enhancers in light of the maser-laser guideline.”
1963: Eugene Paul Wigner, “for his commitments to the hypothesis of the nuclear core and the rudimentary particles, especially through the disclosure and use of essential symmetry standards,” and Maria Goeppert-Mayer and J. Hans D. Jensen, “for their revelations concerning atomic shell structure.”
1962: Lev Davidovich Landau, “for his spearheading speculations for consolidated issue, particularly fluid helium.”
1961: Robert Hofstadter, “for his spearheading investigations of electron dissipating in nuclear cores and for his in this way accomplished revelations concerning the structure of the nucleons,” and Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer, “for his inquires about concerning the reverberation assimilation of gamma radiation and his disclosure in this association of the impact which bears his name.”
1960: Donald Arthur Glaser, “for the development of the air pocket chamber.”
1959: Emilio Gino Segrè and Owen Chamberlain, “for their revelation of the antiproton.”
1958: Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov, Il’ja Mikhailovich Frank and Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm, “for the revelation and the understanding of the Cherenkov impact.”
1957: Chen Ning Yang and Tsung-Dao (T.D.) Lee, “for their infiltrating examination of the purported equality laws which has prompted vital disclosures with respect to the rudimentary particles.”
1956: William Bradford Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain, “for their inquires about on semiconductors and their disclosure of the transistor impact.”
1955: Willis Eugene Lamb, “for his revelations concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen range,” and Polykarp Kusch, “for his accuracy assurance of the attractive snapshot of the electron.”
1954: Max Born, “for his key research in quantum mechanics, particularly for his factual elucidation of the wavefunction,” and Walther Bothe, “for the happenstance technique and his revelations made therewith.”
1953: Frits (Frederik) Zernike, “for his show of the stage differentiate strategy, particularly for his development of the stage differentiate magnifying instrument.”
1952: Felix Bloch and Edward Mills Purcell, “for their advancement of new techniques for atomic attractive exactness estimations and revelations in association therewith.”
1951: Sir John Douglas Cockcroft and Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton, “for their pioneer deal with the transmutation of nuclear cores by falsely quickened nuclear particles.”
1950: Cecil Frank Powell, “for his advancement of the photographic strategy for concentrate atomic procedures and his disclosures in regards to mesons made with this technique.”
1949: Hideki Yukawa, “for his forecast of the presence of mesons on the premise of hypothetical work on atomic powers.”
1948: Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett, “for his improvement of the Wilson cloud chamber technique, and his revelations therewith in the fields of atomic material science and enormous radiation.”
1947: Sir Edward Victor Appleton, “for his examinations of the material science of the upper climate particularly for the revelation of the alleged Appleton layer.”
1946: Percy Williams Bridgman, “for the creation of a device to deliver to a great degree high weights, and for the revelations he made therewith in the field of high weight material science.”
1945: Wolfgang Pauli, “for the revelation of the Exclusion Principle, additionally called the Pauli Principle.”
1944: Isidor Isaac Rabi, “for his reverberation strategy for recording the attractive properties of nuclear cores.”
1943: Otto Stern, “for his commitment to the improvement of the atomic beam strategy and his revelation of the attractive snapshot of the proton.”
1940-1942: No Prizes granted.
1939: Ernest Orlando Lawrence, “for the creation and advancement of the cyclotron and for comes about got with it, particularly as to manufactured radioactive components.”
1938: Enrico Fermi, “for his showings of the presence of new radioactive components delivered by neutron light, and for his related disclosure of atomic responses achieved by moderate neutrons.”
1937: Clinton Joseph Davisson and George Paget Thomson, “for their trial disclosure of the diffraction of electrons by precious stones.”
1936: Victor Franz Hess, “for his disclosure of infinite radiation,” and Carl David Anderson, “for his revelation of the positron.”
1935: James Chadwick, “for the disclosure of the neutron.”
1934: No Prize granted
1933: Erwin Schrödinger and Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac, “for the disclosure of new gainful types of nuclear hypothesis.”
1932: Werner Karl Heisenberg, “for the formation of quantum mechanics, the utilization of which has, bury alia, prompted the disclosure of the allotropic types of hydrogen.”
1931: No Prize granted
1930: Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, “for his work on the dispersing of light and for the revelation of the impact named after him”
1929: Prince Louis-Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie, “for his revelation of the wave idea of electrons.”
1928: Owen Willans Richardson, “for his work on the thermionic wonder and particularly for the revelation of the law named after him.”
1927: Arthur Holly Compton, “for his revelation of the impact named after him,” and Charles Thomson Rees Wilson, “for his strategy for making the ways of electrically charged particles noticeable by buildup of vapor.”
1926: Jean Baptiste Perrin, “for his work on the intermittent structure of issue, and particularly for his revelation of sedimentation harmony.”
1925: James Franck and Gustav Ludwig Hertz, “for their revelation of the laws representing the effect of an electron upon a molecule.”
1924: Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn, “for his revelations and research in the field of X-beam spectroscopy.”
1923: Robert Andrews Millikan, “for his work on the basic charge of power and on the photoelectric impact.”
1922: Niels Henrik David Bohr, “for his administrations in the examination of the structure of particles and of the radiation exuding from them.”
1921: Albert Einstein, “for his administrations to Theoretical Physics, and particularly for his disclosure of the law of the photoelectric impact.”
1920: Charles Edouard Guillaume, “in acknowledgment of the administration he has rendered to exactness estimations in Physics by his revelation of oddities in nickel steel amalgams.”
1919: Johannes Stark, “for his revelation of the Doppler impact in trench beams and the part of ghostly lines in electric fields.”
1918: Max Karl Ernst Ludwig Planck, “in acknowledgment of the administrations he rendered to the progression of Physics by his revelation of vitality quanta.”
1917: Charles Glover Barkla, “for his revelation of the trademark Röntgen radiation of the components.”
1916: No Prize granted.
1915: Sir William Henry Bragg and William Lawrence Bragg, “for their administrations in the examination of precious stone structure by methods for X-beams.”
1914: Max von Laue, “for his disclosure of the diffraction of X-beams by precious stones.”
1913: Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, “for his examinations on the properties of issue at low temperatures which drove, bury alia, to the creation of fluid helium.”
1912: Nils Gustaf Dalén, “for his creation of programmed controllers for use in conjunction with gas collectors for enlightening beacons and floats.”
1911: Wilhelm Wien, “for his disclosures with respect to the laws administering the radiation of warmth.”
1910: Johannes Diderik van der Waals, “for his work on the condition of state for gasses and fluids.”
1909: Guglielmo Marconi and Karl Ferdinand Braun, “in acknowledgment of their commitments to the improvement of remote telecommunication.”
1908: Gabriel Lippmann, “for his technique for imitating hues photographically in view of the wonder of impedance.”
1907: Albert Abraham Michelson, “for his optical accuracy instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological examinations did with their guide.”
1906: Joseph John Thomson, “in acknowledgment of the colossal benefits of his hypothetical and trial examinations on the conduction of power by gasses.”
1905: Philipp Eduard Anton von Lenard, “for his work on cathode beams.”
1904: Lord Rayleigh (John William Strutt), “for his examinations of the densities of the most imperative gasses and for his revelation of argon regarding these investigations.”
1903: Antoine Henri Becquerel, ” “in acknowledgment of the exceptional administrations he has rendered by his revelation of unconstrained radioactivity,” and Pierre Curie and Marie Curie, née Sklodowska, “in acknowledgment of the uncommon administrations they have rendered by their joint investigates on the radiation wonders found by Professor Henri Becquerel.”
1902: Hendrik Antoon Lorentz and Pieter Zeeman, “in acknowledgment of the remarkable administration they rendered by their inquires about into the impact of attraction upon radiation wonders.”
1901: Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, “in acknowledgment of the exceptional administrations he has rendered by the revelation of the astounding beams along these lines named after him.”
